Category

// 类结构体
struct _class_t {
	struct _class_t *isa;
	struct _class_t *superclass;
	void *cache;
	void *vtable;
	struct _class_ro_t *ro;
};

// 分类结构体
struct _category_t {
	const char *name;   //目标类的名字
	struct _class_t *cls;   //指向目标类的指针
	const struct _method_list_t *instance_methods; //实例方法列表
	const struct _method_list_t *class_methods; //类方法列表
	const struct _protocol_list_t *protocols;   //遵守的协议列表
	const struct _prop_list_t *properties;  //属性列表，没有使用
};

static struct _category_t _OBJC_$_CATEGORY_AYPerson_$_Run __attribute__ ((used, section ("__DATA,__objc_const"))) = 
{
	"AYPerson",
	0, // &OBJC_CLASS_$_AYPerson,
	(const struct _method_list_t *)&_OBJC_$_CATEGORY_INSTANCE_METHODS_AYPerson_$_Run,
	(const struct _method_list_t *)&_OBJC_$_CATEGORY_CLASS_METHODS_AYPerson_$_Run,
	(const struct _protocol_list_t *)&_OBJC_CATEGORY_PROTOCOLS_$_AYPerson_$_Run,
	0,
};
static void OBJC_CATEGORY_SETUP_$_AYPerson_$_Run(void ) {
	_OBJC_$_CATEGORY_AYPerson_$_Run.cls = &OBJC_CLASS_$_AYPerson;
}
#pragma section(".objc_inithooks$B", long, read, write)
__declspec(allocate(".objc_inithooks$B")) static void *OBJC_CATEGORY_SETUP[] = {
	(void *)&OBJC_CATEGORY_SETUP_$_AYPerson_$_Run,
};

/***********************************************************************
* _objc_init
* Bootstrap initialization. Registers our image notifier with dyld.
* Called by libSystem BEFORE library initialization time
**********************************************************************/
void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init();
    tls_init();
    static_init();
    lock_init();
    exception_init();

    _dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
}

/***********************************************************************
* map_images
* Process the given images which are being mapped in by dyld.
* Calls ABI-agnostic code after taking ABI-specific locks.
*
* Locking: write-locks runtimeLock
**********************************************************************/
void
map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
           const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);
    return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}

/***********************************************************************
* map_images_nolock
* Process the given images which are being mapped in by dyld.
* All class registration and fixups are performed (or deferred pending
* discovery of missing superclasses etc), and +load methods are called.
*
* info[] is in bottom-up order i.e. libobjc will be earlier in the 
* array than any library that links to libobjc.
*
* Locking: loadMethodLock(old) or runtimeLock(new) acquired by map_images.
**********************************************************************/
void 
map_images_nolock(unsigned mhCount, const char * const mhPaths[],
                  const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
	... 搜索所有类信息
	if (hCount > 0) {
        _read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
    	}
	...
}

/***********************************************************************
* _read_images
* Perform initial processing of the headers in the linked 
* list beginning with headerList. 
*
* Called by: map_images_nolock
*
* Locking: runtimeLock acquired by map_images
**********************************************************************/
void _read_images(header_info **hList, uint32_t hCount, int totalClasses, int unoptimizedTotalClasses)
{
	header_info *hi;
    uint32_t hIndex;
    size_t count;
    size_t i;
    Class *resolvedFutureClasses = nil;
    size_t resolvedFutureClassCount = 0;
    static bool doneOnce;
    TimeLogger ts(PrintImageTimes);

    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

#define EACH_HEADER \
    hIndex = 0;         \
    hIndex < hCount && (hi = hList[hIndex]); \
    hIndex++

    // Discover classes. Fix up unresolved future classes. Mark bundle classes.
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover classes");

    // Fix up remapped classes
    // Class list and nonlazy class list remain unremapped.
    // Class refs and super refs are remapped for message dispatching.
    ...
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: remap classes");

    // Fix up @selector references
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up selector references");

    // Discover protocols. Fix up protocol refs.
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover protocols");

    // Fix up @protocol references
    // Preoptimized images may have the right 
    // answer already but we don't know for sure.
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up @protocol references");

    // Realize non-lazy classes (for +load methods and static instances)
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize non-lazy classes");

    // Realize newly-resolved future classes, in case CF manipulates them
	...

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize future classes");

    // Discover categories.  处理加载到的分类
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        category_t **catlist = 
            _getObjc2CategoryList(hi, &count);
			// 获取分类列表
        bool hasClassProperties = hi->info()->hasCategoryClassProperties();

        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            category_t *cat = catlist[i];
            Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);

	   		// 寻找分类的目标类，没有找到就跳过
            if (!cls) {
                // Category's target class is missing (probably weak-linked).
                // Disavow any knowledge of this category.
                catlist[i] = nil;
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: IGNORING category \?\?\?(%s) %p with "
                                 "missing weak-linked target class", 
                                 cat->name, cat);
                }
                continue;
            }

            // Process this category. 
            // First, register the category with its target class. 
            // Then, rebuild the class's method lists (etc) if 
            // the class is realized. 
            bool classExists = NO;
            if (cat->instanceMethods ||  cat->protocols  
                ||  cat->instanceProperties) 
            {
                addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls, hi);
                if (cls->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls);
                    classExists = YES;
                }
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category -%s(%s) %s", 
                                 cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name, 
                                 classExists ? "on existing class" : "");
                }
            }

            if (cat->classMethods  ||  cat->protocols  
                ||  (hasClassProperties && cat->_classProperties)) 
            {
                addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls->ISA(), hi);
                if (cls->ISA()->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls->ISA());
                }
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category +%s(%s)", 
                                 cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover categories");

    // Category discovery MUST BE LAST to avoid potential races 
    // when other threads call the new category code before 
    // this thread finishes its fixups.

    // +load handled by prepare_load_methods()
	...
    // Print preoptimization statistics
    ...
}

/***********************************************************************
* remethodizeClass
* Attach outstanding categories to an existing class.
* Fixes up cls's method list, protocol list, and property list.
* Updates method caches for cls and its subclasses.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller
**********************************************************************/
static void remethodizeClass(Class cls)
{
    category_list *cats;
    bool isMeta;

    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();

    // Re-methodizing: check for more categories
    if ((cats = unattachedCategoriesForClass(cls, false/*not realizing*/))) {
        if (PrintConnecting) {
            _objc_inform("CLASS: attaching categories to class '%s' %s", 
                         cls->nameForLogging(), isMeta ? "(meta)" : "");
        }
        
        attachCategories(cls, cats, true /*flush caches*/);        
        free(cats);
    }
}

// Attach method lists and properties and protocols from categories to a class.
// Assumes the categories in cats are all loaded and sorted by load order, 
// oldest categories first.
static void 
attachCategories(Class cls, category_list *cats, bool flush_caches)
{
    if (!cats) return;
    if (PrintReplacedMethods) printReplacements(cls, cats);

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();

    // fixme rearrange to remove these intermediate allocations
    method_list_t **mlists = (method_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*mlists));
    property_list_t **proplists = (property_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*proplists));
    protocol_list_t **protolists = (protocol_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*protolists));

	// 重新排序-> 后编译的分类，放在数组前面
    // Count backwards through cats to get newest categories first
    int mcount = 0;
    int propcount = 0;
    int protocount = 0;
    int i = cats->count;
    bool fromBundle = NO;
    while (i--) {
        auto& entry = cats->list[i];

        method_list_t *mlist = entry.cat->methodsForMeta(isMeta);
        if (mlist) {
            mlists[mcount++] = mlist;
            fromBundle |= entry.hi->isBundle();
        }

        property_list_t *proplist = 
            entry.cat->propertiesForMeta(isMeta, entry.hi);
        if (proplist) {
            proplists[propcount++] = proplist;
        }

        protocol_list_t *protolist = entry.cat->protocols;
        if (protolist) {
            protolists[protocount++] = protolist;
        }
    }

	// 获取类信息
    auto rw = cls->data();

	// 预处理列表
    prepareMethodLists(cls, mlists, mcount, NO, fromBundle);

	// 把方法列表附加到类中
    rw->methods.attachLists(mlists, mcount);
    free(mlists);
    if (flush_caches  &&  mcount > 0) flushCaches(cls);

	// 把属性列表附加到类中
    rw->properties.attachLists(proplists, propcount);
    free(proplists);

	// 把协议列表附加到类中
    rw->protocols.attachLists(protolists, protocount);
    free(protolists);
}

void attachLists(List* const * addedLists, uint32_t addedCount) {
    if (addedCount == 0) return;

    if (hasArray()) {
        // many lists -> many lists
        uint32_t oldCount = array()->count;
        uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
		// 重新分类空间，扩容
        setArray((array_t *)realloc(array(), array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
        array()->count = newCount;
		// 把原来的方法移动到数组后面
        memmove(array()->lists + addedCount, array()->lists, 
                oldCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
		// 把新的方法添加到数组前面
        memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
               addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
    }
    else if (!list  &&  addedCount == 1) {
        // 0 lists -> 1 list
        list = addedLists[0];
    } 
    else {
        // 1 list -> many lists
        List* oldList = list;
        uint32_t oldCount = oldList ? 1 : 0;
        uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
        setArray((array_t *)malloc(array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
        array()->count = newCount;
        if (oldList) array()->lists[addedCount] = oldList;
        memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
               addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
    }
}

/***********************************************************************
* _objc_init
* Bootstrap initialization. Registers our image notifier with dyld.
* Called by libSystem BEFORE library initialization time
**********************************************************************/

void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;
    
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init();
    tls_init();
    static_init();
    lock_init();
    exception_init();

    _dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
}

/***********************************************************************
* load_images
* Process +load in the given images which are being mapped in by dyld.
*
* Locking: write-locks runtimeLock and loadMethodLock
**********************************************************************/
extern bool hasLoadMethods(const headerType *mhdr);
extern void prepare_load_methods(const headerType *mhdr);

void
load_images(const char *path __unused, const struct mach_header *mh)
{
    // Return without taking locks if there are no +load methods here.
    if (!hasLoadMethods((const headerType *)mh)) return;

    recursive_mutex_locker_t lock(loadMethodLock);

    // Discover load methods
    {
        mutex_locker_t lock2(runtimeLock);
		// 搜获所有类、分类的load方法，并添加到一个数组中
        prepare_load_methods((const headerType *)mh);
    }

    // Call +load methods (without runtimeLock - re-entrant)
	// 调用load方法
    call_load_methods();
}

void prepare_load_methods(const headerType *mhdr)
{
    size_t count, i;

    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    // 查找 class 的 load 方法，并添加到一个数组
    classref_t *classlist = 
        _getObjc2NonlazyClassList(mhdr, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        schedule_class_load(remapClass(classlist[i]));
    }

    // 查找 category 的 load 方法，并添加到一个数组
    category_t **categorylist = _getObjc2NonlazyCategoryList(mhdr, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        category_t *cat = categorylist[i];
        Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);
        if (!cls) continue;  // category for ignored weak-linked class
        if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
            _objc_fatal("Swift class extensions and categories on Swift "
                        "classes are not allowed to have +load methods");
        }
        realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls);
        assert(cls->ISA()->isRealized());
        add_category_to_loadable_list(cat);
    }
}

/***********************************************************************
* prepare_load_methods
* Schedule +load for classes in this image, any un-+load-ed 
* superclasses in other images, and any categories in this image.
**********************************************************************/
// Recursively schedule +load for cls and any un-+load-ed superclasses.
// cls must already be connected.
static void schedule_class_load(Class cls)
{
    if (!cls) return;
    assert(cls->isRealized());  // _read_images should realize

    if (cls->data()->flags & RW_LOADED) return;

    // Ensure superclass-first ordering
	// 递归调用，如果有superclass，会一级一级往上找
    schedule_class_load(cls->superclass);

	// 查找class，并把load方法添加到数组中
    add_class_to_loadable_list(cls);
    cls->setInfo(RW_LOADED); 
}

typedef void(*load_method_t)(id, SEL);
// 存 class 和 load 方法的结构体
struct loadable_class {
    Class cls;  // may be nil
    IMP method;
};
// List of classes that need +load called (pending superclass +load)
// This list always has superclasses first because of the way it is constructed
static struct loadable_class *loadable_classes = nil;
static int loadable_classes_used = 0;
static int loadable_classes_allocated = 0;
/***********************************************************************
* add_class_to_loadable_list
* Class cls has just become connected. Schedule it for +load if
* it implements a +load method.
**********************************************************************/
void add_class_to_loadable_list(Class cls)
{
    IMP method;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();

    method = cls->getLoadMethod();
    if (!method) return;  // Don't bother if cls has no +load method
    
    if (PrintLoading) {
        _objc_inform("LOAD: class '%s' scheduled for +load", 
                     cls->nameForLogging());
    }
    
    if (loadable_classes_used == loadable_classes_allocated) {
        loadable_classes_allocated = loadable_classes_allocated*2 + 16;
        loadable_classes = (struct loadable_class *)
            realloc(loadable_classes,
                              loadable_classes_allocated *
                              sizeof(struct loadable_class));
    }
    
    loadable_classes[loadable_classes_used].cls = cls;
    loadable_classes[loadable_classes_used].method = method;
    loadable_classes_used++;
}
/***********************************************************************
* objc_class::getLoadMethod
* fixme
* Called only from add_class_to_loadable_list.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be read- or write-locked by the caller.
**********************************************************************/
IMP objc_class::getLoadMethod()
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    const method_list_t *mlist;

    assert(isRealized());
    assert(ISA()->isRealized());
    assert(!isMetaClass());
    assert(ISA()->isMetaClass());

	// 从原始数据中搜索load方法
    mlist = ISA()->data()->ro->baseMethods();
    if (mlist) {
        for (const auto& meth : *mlist) {
            const char *name = sel_cname(meth.name);
            if (0 == strcmp(name, "load")) {
                return meth.imp;
            }
        }
    }

    return nil;
}

struct loadable_category {
    Category cat;  // may be nil
    IMP method;
};
// List of categories that need +load called (pending parent class +load)
static struct loadable_category *loadable_categories = nil;
static int loadable_categories_used = 0;
static int loadable_categories_allocated = 0;
/***********************************************************************
* add_category_to_loadable_list
* Category cat's parent class exists and the category has been attached
* to its class. Schedule this category for +load after its parent class
* becomes connected and has its own +load method called.
**********************************************************************/
void add_category_to_loadable_list(Category cat)
{
    IMP method;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();

    method = _category_getLoadMethod(cat);

    // Don't bother if cat has no +load method
    if (!method) return;

    if (PrintLoading) {
        _objc_inform("LOAD: category '%s(%s)' scheduled for +load", 
                     _category_getClassName(cat), _category_getName(cat));
    }
    
    if (loadable_categories_used == loadable_categories_allocated) {
        loadable_categories_allocated = loadable_categories_allocated*2 + 16;
        loadable_categories = (struct loadable_category *)
            realloc(loadable_categories,
                              loadable_categories_allocated *
                              sizeof(struct loadable_category));
    }

    loadable_categories[loadable_categories_used].cat = cat;
    loadable_categories[loadable_categories_used].method = method;
    loadable_categories_used++;
}

/***********************************************************************
* _category_getLoadMethod
* fixme
* Called only from add_category_to_loadable_list
* Locking: runtimeLock must be read- or write-locked by the caller
**********************************************************************/
IMP _category_getLoadMethod(Category cat)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    const method_list_t *mlist;

    mlist = cat->classMethods;
    if (mlist) {
        for (const auto& meth : *mlist) {
            const char *name = sel_cname(meth.name);
            if (0 == strcmp(name, "load")) {
                return meth.imp;
            }
        }
    }

    return nil;
}

/***********************************************************************
* call_load_methods
* Call all pending class and category +load methods.
* Class +load methods are called superclass-first. 
* Category +load methods are not called until after the parent class's +load.
* 
* This method must be RE-ENTRANT, because a +load could trigger 
* more image mapping. In addition, the superclass-first ordering 
* must be preserved in the face of re-entrant calls. Therefore, 
* only the OUTERMOST call of this function will do anything, and 
* that call will handle all loadable classes, even those generated 
* while it was running.
*
* The sequence below preserves +load ordering in the face of 
* image loading during a +load, and make sure that no 
* +load method is forgotten because it was added during 
* a +load call.
* Sequence:
* 1. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
* 2. Call category +loads ONCE.
* 3. Run more +loads if:
*    (a) there are more classes to load, OR
*    (b) there are some potential category +loads that have 
*        still never been attempted.
* Category +loads are only run once to ensure "parent class first" 
* ordering, even if a category +load triggers a new loadable class 
* and a new loadable category attached to that class. 
*
* Locking: loadMethodLock must be held by the caller 
*   All other locks must not be held.
**********************************************************************/
void call_load_methods(void)
{
    static bool loading = NO;
    bool more_categories;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();

    // Re-entrant calls do nothing; the outermost call will finish the job.
    if (loading) return;
    loading = YES;

    void *pool = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();

    do {
        // 1. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
        while (loadable_classes_used > 0) {
            call_class_loads();
        }

        // 2. Call category +loads ONCE
        more_categories = call_category_loads();

        // 3. Run more +loads if there are classes OR more untried categories
    } while (loadable_classes_used > 0  ||  more_categories);

    objc_autoreleasePoolPop(pool);

    loading = NO;
}

typedef void(*load_method_t)(id, SEL);
/***********************************************************************
* call_class_loads
* Call all pending class +load methods.
* If new classes become loadable, +load is NOT called for them.
*
* Called only by call_load_methods().
**********************************************************************/
static void call_class_loads(void)
{
    int i;
    
    // Detach current loadable list.
    struct loadable_class *classes = loadable_classes;
    int used = loadable_classes_used;
    loadable_classes = nil;
    loadable_classes_allocated = 0;
    loadable_classes_used = 0;
    
    // Call all +loads for the detached list.
    for (i = 0; i < used; i++) {
        Class cls = classes[i].cls;
        load_method_t load_method = (load_method_t)classes[i].method;
        if (!cls) continue; 

        if (PrintLoading) {
            _objc_inform("LOAD: +[%s load]\n", cls->nameForLogging());
        }
        (*load_method)(cls, SEL_load);
    }
    
    // Destroy the detached list.
    if (classes) free(classes);
}


/***********************************************************************
* call_category_loads
* Call some pending category +load methods.
* The parent class of the +load-implementing categories has all of 
*   its categories attached, in case some are lazily waiting for +initalize.
* Don't call +load unless the parent class is connected.
* If new categories become loadable, +load is NOT called, and they 
*   are added to the end of the loadable list, and we return TRUE.
* Return FALSE if no new categories became loadable.
*
* Called only by call_load_methods().
**********************************************************************/
static bool call_category_loads(void)
{
    int i, shift;
    bool new_categories_added = NO;
    
    // Detach current loadable list.
    struct loadable_category *cats = loadable_categories;
    int used = loadable_categories_used;
    int allocated = loadable_categories_allocated;
    loadable_categories = nil;
    loadable_categories_allocated = 0;
    loadable_categories_used = 0;

    // Call all +loads for the detached list.
    for (i = 0; i < used; i++) {
        Category cat = cats[i].cat;
        load_method_t load_method = (load_method_t)cats[i].method;
        Class cls;
        if (!cat) continue;

        cls = _category_getClass(cat);
        if (cls  &&  cls->isLoadable()) {
            if (PrintLoading) {
                _objc_inform("LOAD: +[%s(%s) load]\n", 
                             cls->nameForLogging(), 
                             _category_getName(cat));
            }
            (*load_method)(cls, SEL_load);
            cats[i].cat = nil;
        }
    }

    // Compact detached list (order-preserving)
    shift = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < used; i++) {
        if (cats[i].cat) {
            cats[i-shift] = cats[i];
        } else {
            shift++;
        }
    }
    used -= shift;

    // Copy any new +load candidates from the new list to the detached list.
    new_categories_added = (loadable_categories_used > 0);
    for (i = 0; i < loadable_categories_used; i++) {
        if (used == allocated) {
            allocated = allocated*2 + 16;
            cats = (struct loadable_category *)
                realloc(cats, allocated *
                                  sizeof(struct loadable_category));
        }
        cats[used++] = loadable_categories[i];
    }

    // Destroy the new list.
    if (loadable_categories) free(loadable_categories);

    // Reattach the (now augmented) detached list. 
    // But if there's nothing left to load, destroy the list.
    if (used) {
        loadable_categories = cats;
        loadable_categories_used = used;
        loadable_categories_allocated = allocated;
    } else {
        if (cats) free(cats);
        loadable_categories = nil;
        loadable_categories_used = 0;
        loadable_categories_allocated = 0;
    }

    if (PrintLoading) {
        if (loadable_categories_used != 0) {
            _objc_inform("LOAD: %d categories still waiting for +load\n",
                         loadable_categories_used);
        }
    }

    return new_categories_added;
}

/***********************************************************************
* class_getInstanceMethod.  Return the instance method for the
* specified class and selector.
**********************************************************************/
Method class_getInstanceMethod(Class cls, SEL sel)
{
    if (!cls  ||  !sel) return nil;

    // This deliberately avoids +initialize because it historically did so.

    // This implementation is a bit weird because it's the only place that 
    // wants a Method instead of an IMP.

#warning fixme build and search caches
        
    // Search method lists, try method resolver, etc.
    lookUpImpOrNil(cls, sel, nil, 
                   NO/*initialize*/, NO/*cache*/, YES/*resolver*/);

#warning fixme build and search caches

    return _class_getMethod(cls, sel);
}

/***********************************************************************
* lookUpImpOrNil.
* Like lookUpImpOrForward, but returns nil instead of _objc_msgForward_impcache
**********************************************************************/
IMP lookUpImpOrNil(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst, 
                   bool initialize, bool cache, bool resolver)
{
    IMP imp = lookUpImpOrForward(cls, sel, inst, initialize, cache, resolver);
    if (imp == _objc_msgForward_impcache) return nil;
    else return imp;
}

/***********************************************************************
* lookUpImpOrForward.
* The standard IMP lookup. 
* initialize==NO tries to avoid +initialize (but sometimes fails)
* cache==NO skips optimistic unlocked lookup (but uses cache elsewhere)
* Most callers should use initialize==YES and cache==YES.
* inst is an instance of cls or a subclass thereof, or nil if none is known. 
*   If cls is an un-initialized metaclass then a non-nil inst is faster.
* May return _objc_msgForward_impcache. IMPs destined for external use 
*   must be converted to _objc_msgForward or _objc_msgForward_stret.
*   If you don't want forwarding at all, use lookUpImpOrNil() instead.
**********************************************************************/
IMP lookUpImpOrForward(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst, 
                       bool initialize, bool cache, bool resolver)
{
    IMP imp = nil;
    bool triedResolver = NO;

    runtimeLock.assertUnlocked();

    // Optimistic cache lookup
    if (cache) {
        imp = cache_getImp(cls, sel);
        if (imp) return imp;
    }

    // runtimeLock is held during isRealized and isInitialized checking
    // to prevent races against concurrent realization.

    // runtimeLock is held during method search to make
    // method-lookup + cache-fill atomic with respect to method addition.
    // Otherwise, a category could be added but ignored indefinitely because
    // the cache was re-filled with the old value after the cache flush on
    // behalf of the category.

    runtimeLock.lock();
    checkIsKnownClass(cls);

    if (!cls->isRealized()) {
        cls = realizeClassMaybeSwiftAndLeaveLocked(cls, runtimeLock);
        // runtimeLock may have been dropped but is now locked again
    }

    if (initialize && !cls->isInitialized()) {
        cls = initializeAndLeaveLocked(cls, inst, runtimeLock);
        // runtimeLock may have been dropped but is now locked again

        // If sel == initialize, class_initialize will send +initialize and 
        // then the messenger will send +initialize again after this 
        // procedure finishes. Of course, if this is not being called 
        // from the messenger then it won't happen. 2778172
    }
	···

    runtimeLock.unlock();

    return imp;
}

//如果需要初始化，并且没有初始化过，调用`initializeAndLeaveLocked`
if (initialize && !cls->isInitialized()) {
        cls = initializeAndLeaveLocked(cls, inst, runtimeLock);
        // runtimeLock may have been dropped but is now locked again

        // If sel == initialize, class_initialize will send +initialize and 
        // then the messenger will send +initialize again after this 
        // procedure finishes. Of course, if this is not being called 
        // from the messenger then it won't happen. 2778172
    }

 bool isInitialized() {
        return getMeta()->data()->flags & RW_INITIALIZED;
    }

// Locking: caller must hold runtimeLock; this may drop and re-acquire it
static Class initializeAndLeaveLocked(Class cls, id obj, mutex_t& lock)
{
    return initializeAndMaybeRelock(cls, obj, lock, true);
}

/***********************************************************************
* class_initialize.  Send the '+initialize' message on demand to any
* uninitialized class. Force initialization of superclasses first.
* inst is an instance of cls, or nil. Non-nil is better for performance.
* Returns the class pointer. If the class was unrealized then 
* it may be reallocated.
* Locking: 
*   runtimeLock must be held by the caller
*   This function may drop the lock.
*   On exit the lock is re-acquired or dropped as requested by leaveLocked.
**********************************************************************/
static Class initializeAndMaybeRelock(Class cls, id inst,
                                      mutex_t& lock, bool leaveLocked)
{
    lock.assertLocked();
    assert(cls->isRealized());

    if (cls->isInitialized()) {
        if (!leaveLocked) lock.unlock();
        return cls;
    }

    // Find the non-meta class for cls, if it is not already one.
    // The +initialize message is sent to the non-meta class object.
    Class nonmeta = getMaybeUnrealizedNonMetaClass(cls, inst);

    // Realize the non-meta class if necessary.
    if (nonmeta->isRealized()) {
        // nonmeta is cls, which was already realized
        // OR nonmeta is distinct, but is already realized
        // - nothing else to do
        lock.unlock();
    } else {
        nonmeta = realizeClassMaybeSwiftAndUnlock(nonmeta, lock);
        // runtimeLock is now unlocked
        // fixme Swift can't relocate the class today,
        // but someday it will:
        cls = object_getClass(nonmeta);
    }

    // runtimeLock is now unlocked, for +initialize dispatch
    assert(nonmeta->isRealized());
    initializeNonMetaClass(nonmeta);

    if (leaveLocked) runtimeLock.lock();
    return cls;
}

/***********************************************************************
* class_initialize.  Send the '+initialize' message on demand to any
* uninitialized class. Force initialization of superclasses first.
**********************************************************************/
void initializeNonMetaClass(Class cls)
{
    assert(!cls->isMetaClass());

    Class supercls;
    bool reallyInitialize = NO;

	// 如果父类没有初始化，先初始化父类
    // Make sure super is done initializing BEFORE beginning to initialize cls.
    // See note about deadlock above.
    supercls = cls->superclass;
    if (supercls  &&  !supercls->isInitialized()) {
        initializeNonMetaClass(supercls);
    }
    
	// 开始初始化，启动线程锁
    // Try to atomically set CLS_INITIALIZING.
    {
        monitor_locker_t lock(classInitLock);
        if (!cls->isInitialized() && !cls->isInitializing()) {
            cls->setInitializing();
            reallyInitialize = YES;
        }
    }
    
	// 开始初始化
    if (reallyInitialize) {
        // We successfully set the CLS_INITIALIZING bit. Initialize the class.
        
        // Record that we're initializing this class so we can message it.
        _setThisThreadIsInitializingClass(cls);

		... lock 和 打印操作
       
        {
			// 调用初始化方法
            callInitialize(cls);

            if (PrintInitializing) {
                _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: thread %p: finished +[%s initialize]",
                             pthread_self(), cls->nameForLogging());
            }
        }
		...
        {
            // Done initializing.
            lockAndFinishInitializing(cls, supercls);
        }
        return;
    }
    
    else if (cls->isInitializing()) {
        ... lock 处理
    }
    
    else if (cls->isInitialized()) {
        // Set CLS_INITIALIZING failed because someone else already 
        //   initialized the class. Continue normally.
        // NOTE this check must come AFTER the ISINITIALIZING case.
        // Otherwise: Another thread is initializing this class. ISINITIALIZED 
        //   is false. Skip this clause. Then the other thread finishes 
        //   initialization and sets INITIALIZING=no and INITIALIZED=yes. 
        //   Skip the ISINITIALIZING clause. Die horribly.
        return;
    }
    
    else {
        // We shouldn't be here. 
        _objc_fatal("thread-safe class init in objc runtime is buggy!");
    }
}

void callInitialize(Class cls)
{
    ((void(*)(Class, SEL))objc_msgSend)(cls, SEL_initialize);
    asm("");
}